Which type of police encounter is characterized by a voluntary conversation?

A field interview is characterized by a voluntary conversation between a police officer and an individual. During this type of encounter, there is no coercion or compulsion for the individual to engage in dialogue with the officer. The person has the choice to converse or decline, which distinguishes a field interview from other types of police encounters where the individual's freedom to leave may be restricted.

In a field interview, officers typically approach individuals in public spaces to ask questions regarding their activities, whereabouts, or other relevant information. This type of interaction is generally casual and aimed at gathering information rather than indicating any immediate suspicion of criminal activity.

In contrast, an investigative stop involves a reasonable suspicion that a crime has occurred or is about to occur, which may compel the individual to remain with the officer. Similarly, a Terry stop, which is based on the standards set by the case Terry v. Ohio, requires reasonable suspicion and allows officers to detain a person briefly for questioning or to perform a pat-down for weapons if they suspect danger. An arrest, on the other hand, involves a higher level of suspicion or evidence and significantly restricts an individual's freedom.

Thus, the defining feature of a field interview is the voluntary nature of the conversation, aligning it with the principles of constitutional law